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The term transformation (also "transition" or "system change") in the field of mediated cross-border communication refers to a media system's change from for instance authoritarian or communist structures to a new media system with different structures and control mechanisms.〔Hadamik (2004), p. 9.〕 Compared to the studies of media systems, transformation research is focused on the collective and individual actors who "demand, support, and manage change".〔Kleinsteuber (2010), p. 26.〕 They can be found in governments, parties, NGOs, civil society organizations or interest groups. To the largest extent, transformation research addresses change from authoritarian to democratic media systems. Since transformation processes in media systems are always linked to the political and socioeconomic development, transformation research is not solely focused on the transformation of the media systems, but also on sectors like politics, economy, society, or culture.〔 Transformation research is a comparative approach, since processes in different stages of the political or media system are compared. The approach is highly complex, because it combines comparison with the dimension of space and time, for instance by analyzing similar change processes of media systems in different world regions and times in history. This causes problems, because the changing systems can exhibit considerable differences between one another. Although there are differences between them, transformation processes often occur at the same time and significant similarities between the resulting patterns can be observed.〔Kleinsteuber (2010), p. 23-26.〕 == Interrelation between transformation processes of political and media systems == The transformation research on media systems has its origin in transformation studies of political sciences. Fragments of political science theories were applied in comparative media studies,〔Kleinsteuber (2010), p. 23.〕 since transformation processes of media systems are strongly connected to the transformation of political systems.〔Voltmer (2008), p. 29.〕 Katharina Hadamik (2003) describes this connection as "political-medial transformation-parallelism". She stresses that the media system in a state cannot take any path of transformation. It is connected to the transformation of the political system. For instance, states which develop democratic structures and constitutional conditions in their political system also build out free or relatively free media systems. In contrast, media systems in states with weaker or even no transformation of the political system have much higher barriers of development to overcome.〔Hadamik (2004), p. 54-56.〕 So, "it is the political system that ultimately has the power to make binding decisions and thus shapes the basic structure and functioning of the media system".〔Voltmer (2012), p. 240.〕 This strong connection between political and media system can be emphasized by watching the process of transformation from an authoritarian to a democratic system in both politics and media. The transformation from an authoritarian to a democratic political system has three phases:〔Merkel (1999), p. 119-169.〕 Phase 1: end of the old authoritarian regime Phase 2: transformation and institutionalisation of democracy Phase 3: consolidation of democracy through a new system The process of transformation from an authoritarian to a democratic media system also has three phases, similar to the phases of transformation in political systems:〔Hadamik (2004), p. 57-58.〕 Phase 1: breakthrough in the media sector Phase 2: fixation of the changes in the media sector Phase 3: development of a stable media system 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Transformation processes (media systems)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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